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In Hinduism, Hanuman (/ˈhʌnʊˌmɑːn/; Sanskrit: हनुमान्, IAST: Hanumān)^[4] is an ardent devotee of Rama.^[1] Lord Hanuman, known as the Lord of Celibacy was an ideal 'Brahmachari' or called Naistika Brahmachari in Sanskrit and is one of the central characters of the Indian Epic Ramayana. As one of the Chiranjivi, he is also mentioned in several other texts, such as the Mahabharata and the various Puranas. Hanuman is the son of Anjani and Kesari and is also son of the wind-god Vayu, who according to several stories, played a role in his birth.^[3][5]

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If yoga is the ability to control one's mind then Hanuman is the quintessential yogi having a perfect mastery over his senses, achieved through a disciplined lifestyle tempered by the twin streams of celibacy and selfless devotion (bhakti). In fact, Hanuman is the ideal Brahmachari (one who follows the path of Brahma), if ever there was one.He is also a perfect karma yogi since he performs his actions with detachment, acting as an instrument of destiny rather than being impelled by any selfish motive.

While Hanuman is one of the central characters in the ancient Hindu epicRamayana, the evidence of devotional worship to him is missing in the texts and archeological sites of ancient and most of the medieval period. According to Philip Lutgendorf, an American Indologist known for his studies on Hanuman, the theological significance and devotional dedication to Hanuman emerged about 1,000 years after the composition of the Ramayana, in the 2nd millennium CE, after the arrival of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent.^[6]Bhakti movement saints such as Samarth Ramdas expressed Hanuman as a symbol of nationalism and resistance to persecution.^[7] In the modern era, his iconography and temples have been increasingly common.^[8] He is viewed as the ideal combination of 'strength, heroic initiative and assertive excellence' and 'loving, emotional devotion to his personal god Rama', as Shakti and Bhakti.^[9] In later literature, he has been the patron god of martial arts such as wrestling, acrobatics, as well as meditation and diligent scholarship.^[1] He symbolizes the human excellences of inner self-control, faith and service to a cause, hidden behind the first impressions of a being who looks like an Ape-Man Vanara.^[8][10][11]

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Hanuman is stated by scholars to be the inspiration for the allegory-filled adventures of a monkey hero in the Xiyouji (Journey to the West) – the great Chinese poetic novel influenced by the travels of Buddhist monk Xuanzang (602–664 CE) to India.^[12][13]

• 2Historical development
• 7Texts
  • 7.1Hinduism
• 10Temples and shrines
• 13References

Nomenclature[edit]

The meaning or the origin of word 'Hanuman' is unclear. In the Hindu pantheon, deities typically have many synonymous names, each based on the noble characteristic or attribute or reminder of that deity's mythical deed.^[14]:31–32 Hanuman has many names like Maruti, Pawansuta, Bajrangbali, Mangalmurti but these names are rarely used. Hanuman is the common name of the vaanar (semi-ape, semi-man) god.

One interpretation of the term is that it means 'one having a jaw (hanu) that is prominent (mant)'. This version is supported by a Puranic legend wherein baby Hanuman mistakes the sun for a fruit, attempts to heroically reach it, is wounded and gets a disfigured jaw.^[14]:31–32

'Hanuman' : the name derives from the Sanskrit words Han ('killed' or 'destroyed') and maana (pride); the name implies 'one whose pride was destroyed'. This epithet resonates with the story in the Ramayana about his emotional devotion to Rama and Sita. He combines two of the most cherished traits in the Hindu bhakti-shakti worship traditions: 'heroic, strong, assertive excellence' and 'loving, emotional devotion to personal god'.^[14]:31–32

Linguistic variations of 'Hanuman' include Hanumat, Anuman (Tamil), Hanumantha (Kannada), Hanumanthudu (Telugu). Other names of Hanuman include:

• Anjaneya,^[15]Anjaniputra (Kannada), Anjaneyar (Tamil), Anjaneyudu (Telugu), Anjanisuta all meaning 'the son of Hanuman's mother Anjana'.
• Kesari Nandan, based on his father, which means 'son of Kesari'
• Maruti, or the son of the wind god;^[16]
• Bajrang Bali, 'the strong one (bali), who had limbs (anga) as hard as a vajra (bajra)'; this name is widely used in rural North India.^[14]:31–32
• Sankata Mochana, the remover of dangers (sankata)^[14]:31–32

Historical development[edit]

Vedic roots[edit]

The earliest mention of a divine monkey, interpreted by some scholars as the proto-Hanuman, is in hymn 10.86 of the Rigveda, dated to between 1500 and 1200 BCE. The twenty-three verses of the hymn are a metaphorical and riddle-filled legend. It is presented as a dialogue between multiple characters: the god Indra, his wife Indrani and an energetic monkey it refers to as Vrisakapi and his wife Kapi.^{[17][18][14]:39–40} The hymn opens with Indrani complaining to Indra that some of the soma offerings for Indra have been allocated to the energetic and strong monkey, and the people are forgetting Indra. The king of the gods, Indra, responds by telling his wife that the living being (monkey) that bothers her is to be seen as a friend, and that they should make an effort to coexist peacefully. The hymn closes with all agreeing that they should come together in Indra's house and share the wealth of the offerings.

Tamil roots[edit]

The orientalist F. E. Pargiter (1852–1927) theorized that Hanuman was a proto-Dravidian deity.^[14]:40 According to this theory, the name 'Hanuman' derives from the Tamil word for male monkey (ana-mandi), first transformed to 'Anumant' – a name which remains in use. 'Anumant', according to this hypothesis, was later Sanskritized to 'Hanuman' because the ancient Aryans confronted with a popular monkey deity of ancient Dravidians coopted the concept and then Sanskritized it.^{[14]:39–40[19]} According to Murray Emeneau, known for his Tamil linguistic studies, this theory does not make sense because the Old Tamil word mandi in Caṅkam literature can only mean 'female monkey', and Hanuman is male. Further, adds Emeneau, the compound ana-mandi makes no semantic sense in Tamil, which has well developed and sophisticated grammar and semantic rules. The 'prominent jaw' etymology, according to Emeneau, is therefore plausible.^[14]:39–40

Epics and Puranas[edit]

Vanaranam naranam ca
kathamasit samagamah
Translation:
How can there be a
relationship between men and monkeys?

—Valmiki's Ramayana'
Sita's first meeting with Hanuman
(Translator: Philip Lutgendorf)^[20]

Hanuman is mentioned in both the Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata.^[21] A twentieth-century Jesuit missionary Camille Bulcke, in his Ramkatha: Utpatti Aur Vikas ('The tale of Rama: its origin and development'), proposed that Hanuman worship had its basis in the cults of aboriginal tribes of Central India.^[22]

Hanuman is mentioned in the Puranas.^[23] A medieval legend posited Hanuman as an avatar of the god Shiva by the 10th century CE (this development possibly started as early as in the 8th century CE).^[22][24] Hanuman is mentioned as an avatar of Shiva or Rudra in the medieval era Sanskrit texts like the Mahabhagvata Purana, the Skanda Purana, the Brhaddharma Purana and the Mahanataka among others. This development might have been a result of the Shavite attempts to insert their ishta devata (cherished deity) in the Vaishnavite texts.^[22]

Other mythologies, such as those found in South India, present Hanuman as a being who is the union of Shiva and Vishnu, or associated with the origin of Ayyappa.^[1] The 17th century Odia work Rasavinoda by Dinakrishnadasa goes on to mention that the three gods – Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva – combined to take to the form of Hanuman.^[25]

Late medieval and modern era[edit]

In Valmiki's Ramayana, estimated to have been composed before or in about the 3rd century BCE,^{[citation needed]} Hanuman is an important, creative character as a simian helper and messenger for Rama. The character evolved over time, reflecting regional cultural values. It is, however, in the late medieval era that his profile evolves into more central role and dominance as the exemplary spiritual devotee, particularly with the popular vernacular text Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas (~ 1575 CE).^[26][16] According to scholars such as Patrick Peebles and others, during a period of religious turmoil and Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent, the Bhakti movement and devotionalism-oriented Bhakti yoga had emerged as a major trend in Hindu culture by the 16th-century, and the Ramcharitmanas presented Rama as a Vishnu avatar, supreme being and a personal god worthy of devotion, with Hanuman as the ideal loving devotee with legendary courage, strength and powers.^[7][27]

Hanuman evolved and emerged in this era as the ideal combination of shakti and bhakti.^[9] Stories and folk traditions in and after the 17th century, began to reformulate and present Hanuman as a divine being, as a descendent of deities, and as an avatar of Shiva.^[27] He emerged as a champion of those religiously persecuted, expressing resistance, a yogi,^[14]:85 an inspiration for martial artists and warriors,^[14]:57–64 a character with less fur and increasingly human, symbolizing cherished virtues and internal values, and worthy of devotion in his own right.^[7][28] Hindu monks morphed into soldiers, and they named their organizations after Hanuman.^[29][30] This evolution of Hanuman's character, religious and cultural role as well as his iconography continued through the colonial era and in post-colonial times.^[31]

Birth[edit]

According to Hindu legends, Hanuman was born to Anjana and father Kesari.^[1][32] Hanuman is also called the son of the deity Vayu (Wind god) because of legends associated with Vayu's role in Hanuman's birth. One story mentioned in Eknath's Bhavartha Ramayana (16th century CE) states that when Anjana was worshiping Shiva, the King Dasharatha of Ayodhya was also performing the ritual of Putrakamayagna in order to have children. As a result, he received some sacred pudding (payasam) to be shared by his three wives, leading to the births of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna. By divine ordinance, a kite snatched a fragment of that pudding and dropped it while flying over the forest where Anjana was engaged in worship. Vayu, the Hindu deity of the wind, delivered the falling pudding to the outstretched hands of Anjana, who consumed it. Hanuman was born to her as a result.^{[32][verification needed]}

Anjaneri is considered to be the birthplace of Lord Hanuman. It is located near Triambakeshwar in Nashik, a city in Maharashtra state of India.^[33] Some others believe that Anjanadri hills is the birthplace of Hanuman. It is located near Vijayanagara Ruins at Hampi, 70 km from Bellary, a city in Karnataka state of India. While some believe that Lord Hanuman was born in a cave in Anjani Kund (or Anjani Parbat) in what is now southernGujarat's tribal-dominated Dangs district.^[34][35][36]

Childhood[edit]

According to Valmiki's Ramayana, one morning in his childhood, Hanuman was hungry and saw the rising red colored sun. Mistaking it for a ripe fruit, he leapt up to eat it. In one version of the Hindu legend, the king of gods Indra intervened and struck his thunderbolt. It hit Hanuman on his jaw, and he fell to the earth as dead with a broken jaw. His father, Vayu (air), states Ramayana in section 4.65, became upset and withdrew. The lack of air created immense suffering to all living beings. This led lord Shiva, to intervene and resuscitate Hanuman, which in turn prompted Vayu to return to the living beings. As the mistake done by god Indra, he grants Hanuman a wish that his body would be as strong as Indra's Vajra, where as his Vajra can also not harm him. Along with Indra other gods have also granted him wishes such as God Agni granted Hanuman a wish that fire won't harm him, God Varuna granted a wish for Hanuman that water won't harm him, God Vayu granted a wish for Hanuman that he will be as fast as wind and the wind won't harm him. Lord Brahma has also granted Hanuman a wish that he can move at any place where he cannot be stopped at anywhere, Lord Vishnu also grants Hanuman a weapon which is named as 'Gada'. Hence these wishes make Hanuman a immortal, who has unique powers and strong.^[37]

In another Hindu version of his childhood legend, which Lutgendorf states is likely older and also found in Jain texts such as the 8th-century Dhurtakhyana, Hanuman's Icarus-like leap for the sun proves to be fatal and he is burnt to ashes from the sun's heat. His ashes fall onto the earth and oceans.^[38] Gods then gather the ashes and his bones from land and, with the help of fishes, from the water and re-assemble him. They find everything except one fragment of his jawbone. His great-grandfather on his mother's side then asks Surya to restore the child to life. Surya returns him to life, but Hanuman is left with a disfigured jaw.^[38] Hanuman said to have spend his childhood in Kishkindha.

Some time after this event, Hanuman begins using his supernatural powers on innocent bystanders as simple pranks, until one day he pranks a meditating sage. In fury, the sage curses Hanuman to forget the vast majority of his powers.

Adulthood[edit]

There is quite a lot of variation between what happens between his childhood and the events of the Ramayana, but his story becomes much more solid in the events of the Ramayana. After Rama and his brother Lakshmana, searching for Rama's kidnapped wife, Sita, arrive in Kishkindha, the new king, and Rama's newfound ally, the monkey king Sugriva, agrees to send scouts in all four directions to search for Rama's missing wife. To the south, Sugriva sends Hanuman and some others, including the great bear Jambavan. This group travels all the way to the southernmost tip of India, where they encounter the ocean with the island of Lanka (modern day Sri Lanka) visible in the horizon. The group wishes to investigate the island, but none can swim or jump so far (it was common for such supernatural powers to be common amongst characters in these epics). However, Jambavan knows from prior events that Hanuman used to be able to do such a feat with ease, and lifts his curse.^[39]

The curse lifted, Hanuman now remembers all of his godlike powers. He is said to have transformed into the size of mountain, and flew across the narrow channel to Lanka. Upon landing, he discovers a city populated by the evil king Ravana and his demon followers, so he shrinks down to the size of an ant and sneaks into the city. After searching the city, he discovers Sita in a grove, guarded by demon warriors. When they all fall asleep, he meets with Sita and discusses how he came to find her. She reveals that Ravana kidnapped her and is forcing her to marry him soon. He offers to rescue her but Sita refuses, stating that her husband must do it (A belief from the time of ancient India).^[39][40]

What happens next differs by account, but a common tale is that after visiting Sita, he starts destroying the grove, prompting in his capture. Regardless of the tale, he ends up captured in the court of Ravana himself, who laughs when Hanuman tells him that Rama is coming to take back Sita. Ravana orders his servants to light Hanuman's tail on fire as torture for threatening his safety. However, every time they put on an oil soaked cloth to burn, he grows his tail longer so that more cloths need to be added. This continues until Ravana has had enough and orders the lighting to begin. However, when his tail is lit, he shrinks his tail back and breaks free of his bonds with his superhuman strength. He jumps out a window and jumps from rooftop to rooftop, burning down building after building, until much of the city is ablaze. Seeing this triumph, Hanuman leaves back for India.^[39][40]

Upon returning, he tells his scouting party what had occurred, and they rush back to Kishkindha, where Rama had been waiting all along for news. Upon hearing that Sita was safe and was awaiting him, Rama gathered the support of Sugriva's army and marched for Lanka. Thus begins the legendary Battle of Lanka.^[39]

Throughout the long battle, Hanuman played a role as a general in the army. During one intense fight, Lakshmana, Rama's brother, was fatally wounded and was thought to die without the aid of an herb from a Himalayan mountain. Hanuman was the only one who could make the journey so quickly, and was thus sent to the mountain. Upon arriving, he discovered that there were many herbs along the mountainside, and did not want to take the wrong herb back. So instead, he grew to the size of a mountain, ripped the mountain from the Earth, and flew it back to the battle. This act is perhaps his most legendary among Hindus.^[40]

In the end, Rama revealed his divine powers as the incarnation of the God Vishnu, and slew Ravana and the rest of the demon army. Finally finished, Rama returned to his home of Ayodhya to return to his place as king. After blessing all those who aided him in the battle with gifts, he gave Hanuman his gift, who threw it away. Many court officials, perplexed, were angered by this act. Hanuman replied that rather than needing a gift to remember Rama, he would always be in his heart. Some court officials, still upset, asked him for proof, and Hanuman tore open his chest, which had an image of Rama and Sita on his heart. Now proven as a true devotee, Rama cured him and blessed him with immortality, but Hanuman refused this and asked only for a place at Rama's feet to worship him. Touched, Rama blessed him with immortality anyways, which according to legend, is set only as long as the story of Rama lives on.^[39][40]

Centuries after the events of the Ramayana, and during the events of the Mahabharata, Hanuman is now a nearly forgotten demigod living his life in a forest. After some time, his half brother through the god Vayu, Bhima, passes through looking for flowers for his wife. Hanuman senses this and decides to teach him a lesson, as Bhima had been known to be boastful of his superhuman strength (at this point in time supernatural powers were much rarer than in the Ramayana but still seen in the Hindu epics). Bhima encountered Hanuman lying on the ground in the shape of a feeble old monkey. He asked Hanuman to move, but he would not. As stepping over an individual was considered extremely disrespectful in this time, Hanuman suggested lifting his tail up to create passage. Bhima heartily accepted, but could not lift the tail to any avail.^[41]

Bhima, humbled, realized that the frail monkey was some sort of deity, and asked him to reveal himself. Hanuman revealed himself, much to Bhima's surprise, and the brother's embraced. Hanuman prophesied that Bhima would soon be a part of a terrible war, and promised his brother that he would sit on the flag of his chariot and shout a battle cry that would weaken the hearts of his enemies. Content, Hanuman left his brother to his search, and after that prophesied war, would not be seen again.^[41]

Attributes[edit]

Hanuman has many attributes:

• Chiranjivi (immortal): various versions of Ramayana and Rama Katha state towards their end, just before Rama and Lakshmana die, that Hanuman is blessed to be immortal. He will be a part of humanity forever, while the story of Rama lives on.^[42]
• Brahmachari (Celibate): one who control their lust from all materialistic things of material world, He never had any pleasures because his soul 'Atman' merged into Brahman, Lust 'kama' can't touch him, because he is attained the truth.
• Kurūp and Sundar: he is described in Hindu texts as kurūp (ugly) on the outside, but divinely sundar (beautiful inside).^[38]
• Kama-rupin: He can shapeshift, become smaller than the smallest, larger than the largest adversary at will.^{[14]:45–47, 287} He uses this attribute to shrink and enter Lanka, as he searches for the kidnapped Sita imprisoned in Lanka. Later on, he takes on the size of a mountain, blazing with radiance, to show his true power to Sita.^[43]
• Strength: Hanuman is extraordinarily strong, one capable of lifting and carrying any burden for a cause. He is called Vira, Mahavira, Mahabala and other names signifying this attribute of his. During the epic war between Rama and Ravana, Rama's brother Lakshmana is wounded. He can only be healed and his death prevented by a herb found in a particular Himalayan mountain. Hanuman leaps and finds the mountain. There, states Ramayana, Hanuman finds the mountain is full of many herbs. He doesn't know which one to take. So, he lifts the entire Himalayan mountain and carries it across India to Lanka for Lakshmana. His immense strength thus helps Lakshmana recover from his wound.^{[14]:6, 44–45, 205–210} This legend is the popular basis for the iconography where he is shown flying and carrying a mountain on his palm.^[14]:61

• Innovative: Hanuman is described as someone who constantly faces very difficult odds, where the adversary or circumstances threaten his mission with certain defeat and his very existence. Yet he finds an innovative way to turn the odds. For example, after he finds Sita, delivers Rama's message, and persuades her that he is indeed Rama's true messenger, he is discovered by the prison guards. They arrest Hanuman, and under Ravana's orders take him to a public execution. There, the Ravana's guards begin his torture, tie his tail with oiled cloth and put it on fire. Hanuman then leaps, jumps from one palace rooftop to another, thus burning everything down.^{[14]:140–141, 201}
• Bhakti: Hanuman is presented as the exemplary devotee (bhakta) of Rama and Sita. The Hindu texts such as the Bhagavata Purana, the Bhakta Mala, the Ananda Ramayana and the Ramacharitmanas present him as someone who is talented, strong, brave and spiritually devoted to Rama.^[44] The Rama stories such as the Ramayana and the Ramacharitmanas, in turn themselves, present the Hindu dharmic concept of the ideal, virtuous and compassionate man (Rama) and woman (Sita) thereby providing the context for attributes assigned therein for Hanuman.^[45][46]
• Learned Yogi: In the late medieval texts and thereafter, such as those by Tulasidas, attributes of Hanuman include learned in Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, the Vedas, a poet, a polymath, a grammarian, a singer and musician par excellence.^[44][1]
• Remover of obstacles: in devotional literature, Hanuman is the remover of difficulties.^[44]

Texts[edit]

Hinduism[edit]

Ramayana[edit]

The Sundara Kanda, the fifth book in the Ramayana, focuses on Hanuman. Hanuman meets Rama in the last year of the latter's 14-year exile, after the demon king Ravana had kidnapped Sita. With his brother Lakshmana, Rama is searching for his wife Sita. This, and related Rama legends are the most extensive stories about Hanuman.^[47][48]

Numerous versions of the Ramayana exist within India. These present variant legends of Hanuman, Rama, Sita, Lakshamana and Ravana. The characters and their descriptions vary, in some cases quite significantly.^[49]

Mahabharata[edit]

The Mahabharata is another major epic which has a short mention of Hanuman. In Book 3, the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata, he is presented as a half brother of Bhima, who meets him accidentally on his way to Mount Kailasha. A man of extraordinary strength, Bhima is unable to move Hanuman's tail, making him realize and acknowledge the strength of Hanuman. This story attests to the ancient chronology of the Hanuman character. It is also a part of artwork and reliefs such as those at the Vijayanagara ruins.^[50][51]

Other literature[edit]

Apart from Ramayana and Mahabharata, Hanuman is mentioned in several other texts. Some of these stories add to his adventures mentioned in the earlier epics, while others tell alternative stories of his life. The Skanda Purana mentions Hanuman in Rameswaram.^[52]

In a South Indian version of Shiva Purana, Hanuman is described as the son of Shiva and Mohini (the female avatar of Vishnu), or alternatively his mythology has been linked to or merged with the origin of Swami Ayyappa who is popular in parts of South India.^[1]

Hanuman Chalisa[edit]

The 16th-century Indian poet Tulsidas wrote Hanuman Chalisa, a devotional song dedicated to Hanuman. He claimed to have visions where he met face to face with Hanuman. Based on these meetings, he wrote Ramcharitmanas, an Awadhi language version of Ramayana.^[53]

Buddhism[edit]

Hanuman appears with a Buddhist gloss in Tibetan (southwest China) and Khotanese (west China, central Asia and northern Iran) versions of Ramayana. The Khotanese versions have a Jātaka tales-like theme, but are generally similar to the Hindu texts in the storyline and character of Hanuman. The Tibetan version is more embellished, and without attempts to include a Jātaka gloss. Also, in the Tibetan version, novel elements appear such as Hanuman carrying love letters between Rama and Sita, in addition to the Hindu version wherein Rama sends the wedding ring with him as a message to Sita. Further, in the Tibetan version, Rama chides Hanuman for not corresponding with him through letters more often, implying that the monkey-messenger and warrior is a learned being who can read and write letters.^[54][55]

In the Sri Lankan versions of Ramayana, which are titled after Ravana, the story is less melodramatic than the Indian stories. Many of the legends recounting Hanuman's bravery and innovative ability are found in the Sinhala versions. The stories in which the characters are involved have Buddhist themes, and lack the embedded ethics and values structure according to Hindu dharma.^[58] According to Hera Walker, some Sinhalese communities seek the aid of Hanuman through prayers to his mother.^[59] In Chinese Buddhist texts, states Arthur Cotterall, myths mention the meeting of the Buddha with Hanuman, as well as Hanuman's great triumphs.^[60] According to Rosalind Lefeber, the arrival of Hanuman in East Asian Buddhist texts may trace its roots to the translation of the Ramayana into Chinese and Tibetan in the 6th-century CE.^[61]

In both China and Japan, according to Lutgendorf, much like in India, there is a lack of a radical divide between humans and animals, with all living beings and nature assumed to be related to humans. There is no exaltation of humans over animals or nature, unlike the Western traditions. A divine monkey has been a part of the historic literature and culture of China and Japan, possibly influenced by the close cultural contact through Buddhist monks and pilgrimage to India over two millennia.^[56] For example, the Japanese text Keiranshuyoshu, while presenting its mythology about a divine monkey, that is the theriomorphic Shinto emblem of Hie shrines, describes a flying white monkey that carries a mountain from India to China, then from China to Japan.^[62] Many Japanese shrines and village boundaries, dated from the 8th to the 14th centuries, feature a monkey deity as guardian or intermediary between humans and gods.^[56][57]

The Jātaka tales contain Hanuman-like stories.^[63] For example, the Buddha is described as a monkey-king in one of his earlier births in the Mahakapi Jātaka, wherein he as a compassionate monkey suffers and is abused, but who nevertheless continues to follow dharma in helping a human being who is lost and in danger.^[64][65]

Jainism[edit]

Paumacariya (also known as Pauma Chariu or Padmacharit), the Jain version of Ramayana written by Vimalasuri, mentions Hanuman not as a divine monkey, but as a Vidyadhara (a supernatural being, demigod in Jain cosmology). He is the son of Pavangati (wind deity) and Anjana Sundari. Anjana gives birth to Hanuman in a forest cave, after being banished by her in-laws. Her maternal uncle rescues her from the forest; while boarding his vimana, Anjana accidentally drops her baby on a rock. However, the baby remains uninjured while the rock is shattered. The baby is raised in Hanuruha.

There are major differences from the Hindu text : Hanuman is a supernatural being in Jain texts, (Rama is a pious Jaina who never kills anyone, and it is Lakshamana who kills Ravana.) Hanuman becomes a supporter of Rama after meeting him and learning about Sita's kidnapping by Ravana. He goes to Lanka on Rama's behalf, but is unable to convince Ravana to give up Sita. Ultimately, he joins Rama in the war against Ravana and performs several heroic deeds.Later Jain texts, such as Uttarapurana (9th century CE) by Gunabhadra and Anjana-Pavananjaya (12th century CE), tell the same story.

(In several versions of the Jain Ramayana story, there are passages that explain to Hanuman, and Rama (called Pauma in Jainism),(Hanuman, in these versions, ultimately renounces all social life become a Jain ascetic).

Sikhism[edit]

In Sikhism, the Hindu god Rama has been referred to as Sri Ram Chandar, and the story of Hanuman as a siddha has been influential. After the birth of the martial Sikh Khalsa movement in 1699, during the 18th and 19th centuries, Hanuman was an inspiration and object of reverence by the Khalsa.^{[citation needed]} Some Khalsa regiments brought along the Hanuman image to the battleground. The Sikh texts such as Hanuman Natak composed by Hirda Ram Bhalla, and Das Gur Katha by Kavi Kankan describe the heroic deeds of Hanuman.^[66] According to Louis Fenech, the Sikh tradition states that Guru Gobind Singh was a fond reader of the Hanuman Natak text.^{[citation needed]}

During the colonial era, in Sikh seminaries in what is now Pakistan, Sikh teachers were called bhai, and they were required to study the Hanuman Natak, the Hanuman story containing Ramcharitmanas and other texts, all of which were available in Gurmukhi script.^[67]

Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the primary Sikh Scripture, outright rejects the validity of supremacy of Hanuman. Bhagat Kabir, a prominent writer of the scripture explicitly states that the being like Hanuman does not know the glory of the divine.

ਹਨੂਮਾਨ ਸਰਿ ਗਰੁੜ ਸਮਾਨਾਂ

Hanūmān sar garuṛ samānāʼn.

Beings like Hanumaan, Garura,

ਸੁਰਪਤਿ ਨਰਪਤਿ ਨਹੀ ਗੁਨ ਜਾਨਾਂ Surpaṯ narpaṯ nahī gun jānāʼn.

Indra the King of the gods and the rulers of humans – none of them know Your Glories, Lord.

Southeast Asian texts[edit]

There exist non-Indian versions of the Ramayana, such as the Thai Ramakien. According to these versions of the Ramayana, Macchanu is the son of Hanuman borne by Suvannamaccha, when 'Hanuman fly over Lanka after firing Ravana palace, his body with extreme heat & a drop of his sweat fall into sea it eaten by a mighty fish when he bathing and she birth to macchanu' daughter of Ravana.

According these Thai Ramakein have lot of False storys because it's rewritten version of original epic valmiki 'Ramayana' Actually Hanumans Childhood background & his chosen course never mentioned in thai version.Thai poets added human physics to gods it's the reason they never know the current background of Hanuman & ram. Rama is incarnation of Vishnu and Hanuman is the 'Ansh' powerful rays of Shiva's body 'rudra' Hanuman also called Rudravatar.

Another legend says that a demigod named Matsyaraja (also known as Makardhwaja or Matsyagarbha) claimed to be his son. Matsyaraja's birth is explained as follows: a fish (matsya) was impregnated by the drops of Hanuman's sweat, while he was bathing in the ocean.^[22] According to Parasara Samhita, Hanuman accept Suvarchala devi has his sister form, the daughter of Surya (the Sun God)Suvarchala devi is powerful rays of Surya Surya asked gurudhakshina The gurudhakshina is her daughter suvarchala but Hanuman was a complete Celibate 'Nithya Brahmachari' Surya said she will not harm your enternal pursuit of Brahmacharya, she is also a Celibate 'Brahmacharini', she is Ayonija – born out of womb 'she is pure' a ardent devotee of you Hanuman, she need to complete her education, there is only one who attained 'Navavyakarana' siddhis it's you.Hanuman accept suvarchala Devi has his sister & he teach her to complete her education and Hanuman gave a boon of knowledge wealth & purity & she went to vani started chanting the name of lord Hanuman & She remains Celibate. Hanuman merged into brahman the Almighty & remain the greatest brahmachari.He is endless supreme being of strength Knowledge & Devotion, also a 'Chiranjivi' – one who never have end.

Hanuman in southeast Asian texts differs from the north Indian Hindu version in various ways in the Burmese Ramayana, such as Rama Yagan, Alaung Rama Thagyin (in the Arakanese dialect), Rama Vatthu and Rama Thagyin, the Malay Ramayana, such as Hikayat Sri Rama and Hikayat Maharaja Ravana, and the Thai Ramayana, such as Ramakien. However, in some cases, the aspects of the story are similar to Hindu versions and Buddhist versions of Ramayana found elsewhere on the Indian subcontinent, valmiki Ramayana is the original holy textOthers are edited versions by the poet's for performing Arts like folk dances, the true story of Ramayana is Valmikis,Sage Valmiki known as the Adikavi 'the first poet'.

Significance and influence[edit]

Hanuman became more important in the medieval period and came to be portrayed as the ideal devotee (bhakta) of Rama.^[22] Hanuman's life, devotion, celibacy and strength inspired wrestlers in India.^[68]

– Tulsidas, Ramcharitmanas 7.120.14^[69]

According to Philip Lutgendorf, devotionalism to Hanuman and his theological significance emerged long after the composition of the Ramayana, in the 2nd millennium CE. His prominence grew after the arrival of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent.^[6] He is viewed as the ideal combination of shakti ('strength, heroic initiative and assertive excellence') and bhakti ('loving, emotional devotion to his personal god Rama').^[9] Beyond wrestlers, he has been the patron god of other martial arts. He is stated to be a gifted grammarian, meditating yogi and diligent scholar. He exemplifies the human excellences of temperance, faith and service to a cause.^[8][10][11]

In 17th-century north and western regions of India, Hanuman emerged as an expression of resistance and dedication against Islamic persecution. For example, the bhakti poet-saint Ramdas presented Hanuman as a symbol of Marathi nationalism and resistance to Mughal Empire.^[7]

Hanuman in the colonial and post-colonial era has been a cultural icon, as a symbolic ideal combination of shakti and bhakti, as a right of Hindu people to express and pursue their forms of spirituality and religious beliefs (dharma).^[9][70] Political and religious organizations have named themselves after him or his synonyms such as Bajrang.^[71][29][30] Political parades or religious processions have featured men dressed up as Hanuman, along with women dressed up as gopis (milkmaids) of god Krishna, as an expression of their pride and right to their heritage, culture and religious beliefs.^[72][73] According to some scholars, the Hanuman-linked youth organizations have tended to have a paramilitary wing and have opposed other religions, with a mission of resisting the 'evil eyes of Islam, Christianity and Communism', or as a symbol of Hindu nationalism.^[74][75]

Iconography[edit]

Hanuman's iconography shows him either with other central characters of the Ramayana or by himself. If with Rama and Sita, he is shown to the right of Rama, as a devotee bowing or kneeling before them with a Namaste (Anjali Hasta) posture. If alone, he carries weapons such as a big Gada (mace) and thunderbolt (vajra), sometimes in a scene reminiscent of a scene from his life.^[1][77]

In the modern era, his iconography and temples have been common. He is typically shown with Rama, Sita and Lakshmana, near or in Vaishnavism temples, as well as by himself usually opening his chest to symbolically show images of Rama and Sita near his heart. He is also popular among the followers of Shaivism.^[8]

In north India, aniconic representation of Hanuman such as a round stone has been in use by yogi, as a means to help focus on the abstract aspects of him.^[78]In recent times, a half face saffron icon face of Hanuman has become extremely popular in India with the trend of sporting the graphic on cars, autos, trucks and even t-shirts across the country particularly in Bangalore^[79]. The artist of this fierce faced Hanuman piece of art is Karan Acharya, a native of Kudlu village from Kasargod district of Kerala said that he had hurriedly drawn this for his friends and was surprised that it has become such a viral rage online and offline^[80].He is also shown carrying a saffron flag in service of Goddess Durga along with Bhairav

Temples and shrines[edit]

Hanuman is often worshipped along with Rama and Sita of Vaishnavism, sometimes independently.^[16] There are numerous statues to celebrate or temples to worship Hanuman all over India. In some regions, he is considered as an avatar of Shiva, the focus of Shaivism.^[16] According to a review by Lutgendorf, some scholars state that the earliest Hanuman murtis appeared in the 8th century, but verifiable evidence of Hanuman images and inscriptions appear in the 10th century in Indian monasteries in central and north India.^[14]:60

Tuesday and Saturday of every week are particularly popular days at Hanuman temples. Some people keep a partial or full fast on either of those two days and remember Hanuman and the theology he represents to them.^{[14]:11–12, 101}

Major temples and shrines of Hanuman include:

• The oldest known independent Hanuman temple and statue is at Khajuraho, dated to about 922 CE from the Khajuraho Hanuman inscription.^{[81][14]:59–60}
• Bajrang bali Hanuman temple - Lakdikapool,Hyderabad(To get success in life.
• Jakhu temple in Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. A monumental 108-foot (33-metre) statue of Hanuman marks his temple and is the highest point in Shimla.^[82]
• The tallest Hanuman statue is the Veera Abhaya Anjaneya Swami, standing 135 feet tall at Paritala, 32 km from Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh, installed in 2003.^[14]
• Chitrakoot in Madhya Pradesh features the Hanuman Dhara temple, which features a panchmukhi statue of Hanuman. It is located inside a forest, and it along with Ramghat that is a few kilometers away, are significant Hindu pilgrimage sites.^[83]
• The Peshwa era rulers in 18th century city of Pune provided endowments to more Maruti temples than to temples of other deities such as Shiva, Ganesh or Vitthal.Even in present time there are more Maruti temples in the city and the district than of other deities.^[84]
• Other monumental statues of Hanuman are found all over India, such as at the Sholinghur Sri Yoga Narasimha swami temple and Sri Yoga Anjaneyar temple, located in Vellore District. In Maharashtra, a monumental statue is at Nerul, Navi Mumbai. In Bangalore, a major Hanuman statue is at the Ragigudda Anjaneya temple. Similarly, a 32 feet (10 m) idol with a temple exists at Nanganallur in Chennai. At the Hanuman Vatika in Rourkela, Odisha there is 75-foot (23 m) statue of Hanuman.^[85]

• Outside India, a major Hanuman statue has been built by Tamil Hindus near the Batu caves in Malaysia, and an 85-foot (26 m) Karya Siddhi Hanuman statue by colonial era Hindu indentured workers' descendants at Carapichaima in Trinidad and Tobago. Another Karya Siddhi Hanuman Temple has been built in Frisco, Texas in the United States.^[86]

Festivals and celebrations[edit]

Hanuman is a central character in the annual Ramlila celebrations in India, and seasonal dramatic arts in southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand; and Bali and Java, Indonesia. Ramlila is a dramatic folk re-enactment of the life of Rama according to the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana or secondary literature based on it such as the Ramcharitmanas.^[87] It particularly refers to the thousands^[88] of dramatic plays and dance events that are staged during the annual autumn festival of Navratri in India.^[89] Hanuman is featured in many parts of the folk-enacted play of the legendary war between Good and Evil, with the celebrations climaxing in the Dussehra (Dasara, Vijayadashami) night festivities where the giant grotesque effigies of Evil such as of demon Ravana are burnt, typically with fireworks.^[90][91]

The Ramlila festivities were declared by UNESCO as one of the 'Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity' in 2008. Ramlila is particularly notable in the historically important Hindu cities of Ayodhya, Varanasi, Vrindavan, Almora, Satna and Madhubani – cities in Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.^[90]

Hanuman's birthday is observed by some Hindus as Hanuman Jayanti. It falls in much of India in the traditional month of Chaitra in the lunisolarHindu calendar, which overlaps with March and April. However, in parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Hanuman Jayanthi is observed in the regional Hindu month of Margazhi, which overlaps with December and January. The festive day is observed with devotees gathering at Hanuman temples before sunrise, and day long spiritual recitations and story reading about the victory of good over evil.^[92] Intricate carvings on the walls of Angkor Wat depict scenes from the Ramayana including those of Hanuman.^[93]

In Cambodia and many other parts of southeast Asia, mask dance and shadow theatre arts celebrate Hanuman with Ream (same as Rama of India). Hanuman is represented by a white mask.^[94][95] Particularly popular in southeast Asian theatre are Hanuman's accomplishments as a martial artist Ramayana.^[96]

Indonesia[edit]

Hanuman is the central character in many of the historic dance and drama art works such as Wayang Wong found in Javanese culture, Indonesia. These performance arts can be traced to at least the 10th century.^[97] He has been popular, along with the local versions of Ramayana in other islands of Indonesia such as Java.^[98][99]

In major medieval era Hindu temples, archeological sites and manuscripts discovered in Indonesian and Malay islands, Hanuman features prominently along with Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Vishvamitra and Sugriva.^[100][101] The most studied and detailed relief artworks are found in the CandisPanataran and Prambanan.^[102][103]

Hanuman, along with other characters of the Ramayana, are an important source of plays and dance theatre repertoire at Odalan celebrations and other festivals in Bali.^[105]

Thailand[edit]

Hanuman has been a historic and popular character of Ramakien in Thai culture. He appears wearing a crown on his head and armor. He is depicted as an albino white, strong character with open mouth in action, sometimes shown carrying a trident. In Ramkien, Hanuman is a devoted soldier of Rama. Unlike in Indian adaptations,Ramakien is one of the illogical version, 'Hanuman' also Know as Celibate god.But Ramakein not mentioned about he is celibate, because the reason is 'Ramayana' & Ramakein are totally different Ramayana is The part of Devotion Sanatana Dharma it's a culture of 'India', but Ramakien & other Non Indian Versions of Ramayana are rewritten by the poets. Ramakien is not acceptable version on India because it have lot of false stories about the current characters according to Paula Richman.^[106] Hanuman plays a dominant role in the Thai version of the Ramayana epic.^[107]

As in the Indian tradition, Hanuman is the patron of martial arts and an example of courage, fortitude and excellence in Thailand.^[108]

In non-religious pop culture[edit]

While Lord Hanuman is a quitessential character of any movie on Ramayan, Hanuman centric movies have also been produced with Hanuman as the central character. In 1976 the first biopic movie on Hanuman was released with legendary wrestler Dara Singh playing the role of Hanuman. Several decades later in 2005 an animated version of the movie Hanuman was released and was extremely popular among children. Following this several series of movies featuring the legendary God were produced though all of them were animated, prominent ones being the Bal Hanuman series 2006–2012. Another movie Maruti Mera dost (2009) was a contemporary adaptation of Hanuman in modern times^[109].

The 2015 Bollywood movie Bajrangi Bhaijaan had Salman Khan playing the role of Pavan who is an ardent Hanuman devotee and regularly invokes him for his protection, courage and strength^[110].

Hanuman was mentioned in the 2018 Marvel Cinematic Universe film, Black Panther, where he is shown to be the central deity of a complex Indo-African religion followed by the Jabari tribe from the fictional African nation of Wakanda.^[111] The 'Hanuman' reference was removed in India.^[112][113]

See also[edit]

• Hanumanasana, an asana named after Hanuman
• Sun Wukong, a Chinese literary character in Wu Cheng'en's masterpiece Journey to the West
• Gray langur, also known as the Hanuman langur

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Bibliography[edit]

• Claus, Peter J.; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). 'Hanuman'. South Asian folklore. Taylor & Francis. pp. 280–281. ISBN978-0-415-93919-5.
• Sri Ramakrishna Math (1985): Hanuman Chalisa. Chennai (India): Sri Ramakrishna Math. ISBN81-7120-086-9.
• Mahabharata (1992). Gorakhpur (India): Gitapress.
• Anand Ramayan (1999). Bareily (India): Rashtriya Sanskriti Sansthan.
• Swami Satyananda Sarawati: Hanuman Puja. India: Devi Mandir. ISBN1-887472-91-6.
• The Ramayana Smt. Kamala Subramaniam. Published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (1995). ISBN81-7276-406-5
• Hanuman – In Art, Culture, Thought and Literature by Shanti Lal Nagar (1995). ISBN81-7076-075-5

Further reading[edit]

• Catherine Ludvik (1994). Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN978-81-208-1122-5.
• Helen M. Johnson (1931). Hanumat's birth and Varuṇa's subjection (Chapter III of the Jain Ramayana by Hemachandra). Baroda Oriental Institute.
• Philip Lutgendorf (2007). Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-530921-8.
• Robert Goldman; Sally Goldman (2006). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Volume V: Sundarakāṇḍa. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN978-81-208-3166-7.
• Vanamali, Mataji Devi (2010). Hanuman: The Devotion and Power of the Monkey God Inner Traditions, USA. ISBN1-59477-337-8.

External links[edit]

• Hanuman at Encyclopædia Britannica

Headed to Texas? Make a short stop in Frisco first, for a taste of the Texan suburbs. A world away from the bustling downtowns of Dallas, San Antonio, Austin and the likes, Frisco has a small-town vibe that’s perfect for a relaxing getaway still chock-full of Texan flavor.

Let’s explore the best things to do in Frisco:

1. Dr. Pepper Ballpark

Dr. Pepper Ballpark

There’s little in life more full of Americana than baseball, and that’s especially true when it comes to minor league baseball, the small city attraction that draws out the crowds on nearly every night of the week throughout the summer.

You can catch the Frisco Rough Riders if you visit the area during season.

But the coolest (quite literally) part of the ballpark? The Choctaw Lazy River rising about the right field.

That’s right! You can sit right in the water as you watch the game play out, with great views and lots of access, as well as an all-you-can-eat menu for you and all your friends.

2. The Frisco Heritage Museum

The Frisco Heritage Museum

A museum totally dedicated to the history of this Northern Texas town, the Frisco Heritage Museum shows off the culture of the city through artifacts, film and more.

Check out the historic building replicas, a real locomotive and caboose and more.

The replica town includes a jail, homes, a railroad depot, blacksmith shop, school, church, windmill, fountain and gazebo, and it’s all set on four acres.

While there, check out the various Frisco Public Art pieces that are on display.

3. Frisco Athletic Center

Frisco Athletic Center

For most of us, it’s important to stay in shape while on the road, and the Frisco Athletic Center provides a state-of-the-art spot to do so.

There are more than 100,000 square feet of indoor workout space, as well as 350,000 gallons of water to swim in! Plus, no matter what level of fitness you’re at, or how old you are, you’ll find an activity to keep you busy.

Plus, right next door is the Frisco Water Park, which has tons of fun attractions, such as The Preston Plunge (a 45-foot water slide platform), The Fort (a multi-level water playground), a lazy river and even more slides.

4. Texas Sculpture Garden

Texas Sculpture Garden

This is the largest private collection of contemporary sculptures in the state, with dozens and dozens (and dozens) of sculptures all from Texans.

The artwork isn’t the only thing you’ll appreciate while there, though. Autocad 2012 valid serial number.

You’ll also love all of the exceptional landscaping that surrounds the sculptures, including all of the water features.

You can take the self-guided walking tour all on your own, and it’s a perfect opportunity to get out and about, walking and enjoying a little Texas culture all at the same time.

5. Frisco Commons Park

Frisco Commons Park

Looking for a free attraction in Frisco? The Commons Park is a good choice! This historic, beautiful spot has many one-of-a-kind features that will make your visit unique in every way.

Enjoy a picnic at either the two small pavilions or at the large pavilion, if you have a big group.

Stroll around the pond.

Pay a visit to the Veterans Memorial Plaza.

Let the kids play on the large wooden playground system, that was actually created by the residents of Frisco! Plus, there are a handful of trails that you can walk and hike, depending on your preference.

There are more than 60 acres, an amphitheater, a fishing pier, horseshoe pits and even a field for soccer and lacrosse.

If you stop by on the second Saturday of the month, you can enjoy Frisco Starfest, a monthly event held by the Texas Astronomical Society, where guests can observe the beautiful Texas night skies.

6. The National Video Game Museum

The National Video Game Museum

If you’re a video game aficionado, this is one stop you absolutely have to make.

This museum is all about preserving the history of video games and retelling the stories of the industry’s beginnings and development, from the 1950s onward.

In addition to documenting the creation and evolution of video games, they’re also preserving as many physical artifacts as possible, but in addition to all this, they also want to make it possible for visitors to actually play a lot of the video games on display, making for a totally one-of-a-kind experience.

They also hold classes focused on STEM values.

7. Toyota Stadium

Toyota Stadium

Soccer fans rejoice. The Toyota Stadium in Frisco is not only a beautiful multipurpose sports and entertainment facility — it’s also home to FC Dallas, and hosts the FCS Championship Game.

Plus, it’s been decided that the National Soccer Hall of Fame will be built here.

If you can’t quite catch a game at Toyota Stadium, do make sure to swing by the team shop on the northeast corner of the stadium for some apparel and merchandise.

8. Dr. I.S. Rogers Home

For a little taste of Frisco history, the Dr. I.S. Rogers Home provides a look at one of the town’s most important original residents.

Dr. Rogers, born in 1861 in what is now northeast Frisco, would move away from Texas to seek his medical degree, until he later moved back to Frisco, when it was established in 1902.

He moved his family and medical practice to the town in a covered wagon, and then became both Frisco’s very first doctor and very first mayor in 1908. He did a little bit of everything, from dealing with epidemics to delivering babies (at a price of $15). His home here in Frisco was built in 1916, and he died there in 1933.

9. The Museum of the American Railroad

The Museum Of The American Railroad

A great stop on your list if you have a train enthusiast in your travel group, the Museum of the American Railroad has all things to do with the history of rail in not only Texas, but also the entire country.

The exhibits feature various artifacts from the rail industry, and several trains are also on display, for both viewing and touring.

Though the museum was originally begun in 1961 to preserve the then-outdated steam passenger trains, it has lived on, and still is at its mission today.

10. The Frisco Art Gallery

The Frisco Art Gallery

If you’d like to see some art for no cost, this is where you want to do it.

The Frisco Art Gallery’s both main and reception galleries are completely free and open to the public every day except Monday.

There are rotating exhibits from not only local artists, but also artists from all around the world.

Painting and photography is what’s mostly on display, but occasionally you may see a sculpture or two.

11. Stonebriar Centre

Stonebriar Centre

If your Texas vacation is a little rainy, head indoors for a little bit of shopping, at the Stonebriar Centre.

With almost 200 stores, they have a little bit of everything, from your favorite mall staples, to more specialized stores.

Dining is never a worry while you’re here, either, as the mall has plenty to fill a hungry stomach.

Looking for a good steak? Try Perry’s Steakhouse & Grille.

Want some food with a side of fun? Try Dave & Buster’s for 60,000 square feet of arcade, billiards and more.

If you’d just like a snack, you’ll find more favorites scattered across the mall.

12. iFLY

IFLY

To experience all the fun of skydiving, without the terrifying fear that comes with jumping straight out of a plane, go to iFLY, for indoor skydiving for all ages.

A company ahead of its time, iFLY features a flight chamber with a stable, wall-to-wall cushion of air, providing participants with a totally safe and super realistic skydiving experience.

To try it out for yourself, you’ll have to make a reservation, check-in and then go through a brief training session.

Then, you’ll gear up and head into the flight chamber.

The entire thing is almost a two-hour experience, and is supposedly equal to one and a half skydives.

13. Sci-Tech Discovery Center

Sci-Tech Discovery Center

The Sci-Tech Discovery Center is all about inspiring people of all ages to learn more through fun explorations of science, math and technology.

Permanent exhibits focus on topics like homeostasis, nanoscale science, coordination, weather and more.

Special exhibits pass through the museum, so check out what’s on while you’re in town! For the creative types, the MakerSpace is for you! The area has everything you could ever need to make…well, anything! There are six computer work stations with laser cutting and engraving software, 3D printing software, movie makers and more; robotics kits; advanced electronics kits; Go Pros; soldering equipment; power tools; hand tools; and so much more!

14. The Star

The Star

Football fans won’t want to miss this must-see. The Star is 91 acres of awesome, but it just so happens to be the place the Dallas Cowboys world headquarters calls home.

Hanuman Mandir Delhi

In addition to the Cowboys’ corporate offices and a practice facility, there’s also Ford Center, which is an indoor football stadium.

Additionally, there are tons of entertainment venues, shopping and dining in the immediate neighborhood, so you’re able to see a little bit of it all while you’re there.

If you still haven’t booked your hotel for your Frisco trip, yet, note that the Omni hotel near The Star is a great choice. Book a VIP Guided Tour of The Star to see not only Ford Center, but also the War Room for the NFL Draft, the Nike Star Walk (a collection of the 10 biggest moments in Dallas Cowboy history and a uniform evolution display), the Super Bowl Memorabilia Station, and the Grand Atrium (a tribute to the Cowboys greats).

15. Karla Siddhi Hanuman Temple

Karla Siddhi Hanuman Temple

This $7.5 billion project is a Hindu temple located right next to the Hanuman Cultural Center and Datta Yoga Center, both also worth a visit.

Hanuman is the Hindu monkey god, who represents becoming a better person and is often connected to guru Sri Ganapati Sachchidananda Swamiji, a Hindu spiritual leader with a worldwide following, including many of the people who visit this temple.

It just so happens to be the first temple outside of India to boast a jade stone Hanuman idol.

The temple is a huge draw, and it not only hosts worship services, but also classes, performances and cultural programs.

16. Topgolf

Topgolf

So much more than just a golf complex, Topgolf offers something for every single person in your travel group, making it a great choice if you do have someone who’s a golf fanatic.

Top golf mixes technology with fun, and gives the golfers high-tech, climate-controlled hitting bays, while it gives everyone else awesome food, a great bar, live music, lounges and more.

It’s almost like a fun entertainment complex, that just so happens to also have golf!

17. Play Street Museum

Play Street Museum

Play Street Museum is keeping kids inspired, learning and having a great time while they’re doing so! There are lots of little playhouses with theming and locations that are actually located in the city of Frisco in real life.

There’s a grocery store, house, fire truck, school and more.

There are lots of costumes, props and fun activities for kids to truly explore and be themselves.

Be warned, though — this is best served to younger kids, who can still let their imagination shine!

18. Jump!Zone

Jump!Zone

Another fun indoor space to take the kids is Jump!Zone, though the focus here is more on fun than learning.

There’s 11,000 square feet of inflatables and slides, obstacle courses, bouncy castles, pirate ships, arcade games and then even a toddler area.

Everyone can run around and have a fun time, completely tiring themselves out for the evening! If you have a smaller child (preschool age) that you’re worried will get run over by the rowdy big kids, they also have special hours just for preschool children, so they can play with ease.

19. Strikz

Strikz

Enjoy a game of bowling, and not in your normal seedy bowling alley, either! Strikz is an upscale joint, where you can enjoy a totally modern bowling vibe, with an almost individualized and boutique feel.

Love the neon-lit lanes, while you sit back and relax on your leather sofa as you wait for your next turn.

This is the perfect setting for a fun and totally not-corny date night.

Not up for bowling? They also have an arcade, laser tag and billiards, for variety.

Don’t forget to enjoy dinner and drinks while you’re there!

20. Dunaway Cemetery

No travel is complete without a trip to the city’s spookiest cemetery. Stop by Dunaway Cemetery, named after Foster W. Dunaway, who established the first drug store in Dallas.

The cemetery contains the 14 known graves of the Dunaway family, with the oldest headstone dating back to 1867. The cemetery has been nicely preserved, and is surrounded by green space and a beautiful wrought iron fence.

21. Bicentennial Park

Bicentennial Park

This park was once Frisco’s only park, but now it’s known for another popular aspect — the Homer Carter Tractor.

This 1939 Formal F20 tractor and the subsequent farm implements celebrate the town’s farming past, and recognizes the rich agricultural heritage, which was very attractive to homesteaders settling in the region.

22. Historic Downtown

Historic Downtown

Before Frisco, there was Emerson, established in 1902, and derived from the Francis Emerson Farm, named after Francis Emerson, who was the president of the First National Bank of McKinney.

The land was planned into a city by the St.

Louis and San Francisco Railroad, and then named Emerson.

However, there was another nearby city called Emerson, and to avoid confusion, the name was changed to Frisco, after the Frisco railroad.

You can now see where the original town of Emerson was, as it’s contained by John Elliott Street, North and South Country Roads, Ash Street and Walnut Street.

23. Calaboose

Calaboose

Frisco’s calaboose may sound a little weird, but the word actually just refers to a jail, and was used in the U.S. south during the turn of the century.

The calaboose was first used in 1912, and continued until the 1950s.

The concrete structure has two barred windows and one steel door, and a dirt floor and no electricity or running water.

It was less than 170 square feet, and it could only hold one prisoner, until they were transferred to the county jail or released.

24. Frisco Gun Club

Frisco Gun Club

It’s not a surprise that Texans like their guns, and so it’s also no surprise that there’s a gun range in Frisco.

The Frisco Gun Club is a premier indoor shooting range with the highest safety requirements.

There are classes available on gun usage and safety, but if someone else in your travel group would prefer to shoot while you occupy yourself otherwise, there’s also a cafe, so you can grab a bite to eat while you wait.

25. Frisco Square

Frisco Square

Of course, don’t forget to stop by Frisco Square.

This important gathering place for the community really helps you to remember what a tight-knit group these residents truly are, and brings back the small-town feel of the suburban regions around Dallas.

There are lots of businesses, shopping and restaurants surrounding the square, but it’s also home to farmers markets, and plenty of festivals throughout the year.