1. Youtube Film Kung Fu China
2. Film Kungfu Terbaik

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'The most important movie of 2018 is one you may not have even heard of. But it's a story that could be directly affecting you, endangering your financial stability and your future. If you have a 401(k) that's lost value, or if you've lost a portion of your pension, there's a chance this picture explains part of the reason why. The film is The China Hustle, opening this weekend in limited release and on select streaming services, and it is a klaxon warning of potentially impending economic disaster.

From the producers of the Oscar-nominated Enron: The Smartest Guys In The Room, The China Hustle is directed by Jed Rothstein, director of the Academy Award nominated documentary Killing in the Name. This isn't an exposé of a foregone scandal, mind you, but rather an ongoing one with major implications for our economy and that of China. Whatever short term financial gains exist for the businesses, banks, auditors, lawyers, and others involved in perpetuating or benefiting from the practices outlined in the movie, the long term damage won't be limited to investors who get fleeced, and will instead inevitably implicate and harm entire sectors of both nations' economies while destabilizing trade and banking for years.

With a limited theatrical release and being a documentary, The China Hustle would be expected to perform akin to most similar issue-oriented documentaries, meaning perhaps a few million dollars in theatrical revenue. Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room for example took a little under $5 million at the 2005 box office. 2010's Inside Job likewise took a tad below $5 million in theatrical receipts. The Corporation in 2004 brought in roughly $3.4 million around the world.

But The China Hustle's release includes same-day availability on streaming services, which will reduce its theatrical take in exchange for the potential to reach a much larger audience via online streaming, where the ease of access and relatively lower cost of viewing could help grow the film's audience and thus spread its warning message far and wide while also relying on quantity of viewership to provide necessary revenue streams.

Dan David works to expose fraud in Magnolia's 'The China Hustle'

Source: Magnolia Pictures

I'd guess it might manage in the $1+ million range theatrically, but it's frankly hard to tell what to expect. With enough press attention and public awareness -- and make no mistake, it deserves and needs such attention due to the import of the subject matter -- audiences in the limited theatrical markets will support it, and people at home wondering what new threat is emerging to their retirement plans (or, as is sadly the case for a lot of people, what threat wiped out their retirement savings already) will rent it.

Before I get to my full review, watch this exclusive clip from The China Hustle, courtesy of Magnolia Pictures..

Unlike many documentaries about finance, economics, and related frauds, The China Hustle is what some folks would call 'accessible' for mainstream viewers with little knowledge of how stock markets and investments work. The picture does a good job of keeping things compartmentalized so each step gets explained simply, with demonstrations of how it works and why it turns out the way it does. We also see a lot of real people who lived through the fraud and suffered, others who lived through it and made a profit, and those who lived through it and profited but now work to expose it and put an end to it (and an end to their own profits, it should be noted).

Dan David serves as the equivalent of a protagonist, to the extent there is one. Originally from Flint, Michigan (where his family still live, and since we see them in the film I'll throw out a 'Go Green!' on behalf of my family's own Michigan State alums), he is now the vice president and co-founder of GeoInvesting. Having steered investors toward Chinese companies offering big financial returns in the early days of this reverse merger era, David eventually realized something fishy was going on and began investigating. The results of his investigations led him to change tactics and spend the last several years raising the alarm -- along with several other people featured in the movie as well -- and trying to get Congress to take action.

Were those efforts successful? Well, he and his allies have been able to expose many fraudulent companies and brought them down, and he's certainly helping spread the word and fighting back by taking the fraudsters' money away. But on the other hand, Congress is generally uninterested in really stopping financial fraud -- indeed, some would say they are enabling and encouraging it via deregulation and blatant attempts to ignore or sideline discussion or revelation of fraud. And the SEC has lacked adequate resources or gusto in these matters, to put it mildly.

Big trouble in China is revealed in Magnolia's 'The China Hustle'

Source: Magnolia Pictures

Dan David has seen first-hand the destruction that economic indifference and exploitative corporate/regulatory mindsets can wage on communities. The film smartly keeps things grounded by time and again returning to the human side of the equation, including David's discussion of what happened to his hometown in Flint, the several ordinary people who lost their life's savings and pensions due to the fraud the film examines, and even the oppression and incarceration faced by an investigator caught gathering information about the fraudulent business practices.

So, you're probably wondering what exactly the 'hustle' itself is all about. I'll try to explain it quickly..

Imagine you do lawn work for a living, mowing yards and trimming hedges and whatnot. Let's say you work on maybe 10 yards per week, to keep it simple, and let's say you have one or two people who help you do the work.

Okay, now imagine someone comes to you from another country -- let's make one up, the imaginary country of Fraudland -- and they tell you, 'Hey, I can put your company on the stock market in Fraudland, and make you rich.' This obviously sounds good to you, so they continue to explain how it works: 'To do it, you have to be tied to a company in Fraudland, so you'll merge with an old defunct paper company and then change its name to your own company's name. Then we can put you on the stock market in that country, and we'll get investors and banks etc there to recommend your company stock, we'll say you're ten times bigger than you are and that you do 1,000 yards per week, and we'll drive up the stock price and inflate the value of your company.'

If at that point you got worried about going to jail because it all sounds illegal, you'd be perfectly reasonable to think so. But that's the punchline to the whole plan, they tell you: 'If we get caught, the banks and firms there in that country will pay some fines, but you'll still get rich and you can't go to jail because here in your country it's not illegal to defraud and take the money from those investors in Fraudland. There's no reason not to do it!'

That, in a very simplified nutshell, is what's going on in The China Hustle. Small companies in China were merged with shell companies in the U.S., put on the stock exchanges, and then claim earnings, revenue, business, and so on that's all far in excess of what the company is really doing. If they're making $10 million, they might claim they're making $100 million, for example. The paperwork is falsified, banks and investment firms and others promote the company as a good investment without doing due diligence to make sure it's real and that the numbers add up, and so billions of dollars pour into these companies that are actually worth vastly less -- sometimes almost nothing at all, apparently -- and then the people committing the fraud, the banks and other financial institutions making huge commissions from investments in those fraudulent enterprises, and others walk away with the money while investors are left holding the bag.

This is the gist of titular hustle laid out in the documentary. They provide substantial evidence to back up these accusations -- much of their claims are clearly documented and proven, while others are larger, broader claims about the nature of the system itself and those who should be policing it but don't, and ultimately whatever denials are offered seem to pale in comparison to the simplicity of the explanations and documentation arguing in favor of the documentary's position.

But while the primary fraud accusations are themselves damning and signal a major threat to global trade and economic stability, there is a more sinister and existential threat at the heart of the story. Quite simply, the implication impossible to ignore here is that most of the major institutions -- banks, brokers, regulators, auditors, lawyers, investment firms, and so on -- are perfectly aware of the situation, know the dangers involved, and simply ignore it or actively enable it because it's making everyone filthy stinking rich.

Granted, the idea that our major financial institutions operating at all levels and in all capacities are part of a large systemic, institutionalized corruption is hardly a new concept, and I'm not naive enough to be shocked at revelations of such behavior in our financial system and institutions. But to see so much blatant evidence backing up the notion and explaining just how matter-of-factly everyone goes along with it, and to witness the sheer contempt that regulators and members of Congress have for anyone trying to really expose and stop such frauds, is still infuriating.

The running of the financial bulls is on display in Magnolia's 'The China Hustle'

Source: Magnolia Pictures

It's one thing to talk about people who exploit vulnerabilities in the system and take advantage of it, and quite another thing to talk about the system as full of intentional vulnerabilities to allow exploitation for the enrichment of a few at the expense of the rest of us. Fraud becomes simply a daily part of doing business, and -- as the film notes -- companies literally budget money for payment of fines arising from their participation in inevitable fraud. Of course, the fines tend to consistently be vastly smaller sums of money than the profits made from the fraud, so there's no real incentive to avoid the fraud and every incentive to engage in it.

With the human factor, accessibility, and good pacing working in its favor, The China Hustle also manages plenty of moments of humor -- albeit sometimes dark humor, due to the subject matter -- as well as wearing its ultimate outrage on its sleeve. It's a scary story, even as it often tends to confirm things we already know or at least suspect about the financial system and those who use it to line their own pockets at the expense of everybody else.

The China Hustle is a briskly paced, easy to understand, humanizing look at what is being called one of the biggest financial frauds in history.

Box office figures and tallies based on data via Box Office Mojo , Rentrak, and TheNumbers.

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Shaolin Kung Fu (Chinese: 少林功夫; pinyin: Shàolín gōng fu), also called Shaolin Wushu (少林武術; Shàolín wǔshù) or Shaolin quan (少林拳; Shàolín quán), is one of the oldest, largest, and most famous styles of wushu or kungfu. It combines Ch'an philosophy and martial arts and originated and was developed in the Shaolin temple in Henan province, China during its 1500-year history. Popular sayings in Chinese folklore related to this practice include 'All martial arts under heaven originated from Shaolin' and 'Shaolin kung fu is the best under heaven,' indicating the influence of Shaolin kung fu among martial arts. The name Shaolin is also used as a brand for the so-called external styles of kung fu. Many styles in southern and northern China use the name Shaolin.

• 1History
  • 1.2Southern and Northern dynasties (420–589 AD)
  • 1.4Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
• 2Contents
  • 2.1Styles

History[edit]

Chinese martial arts before Shaolin[edit]

Chinese historical records, like Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, the Bibliographies in the Book of the Han Dynasty, the Records of the Grand Historian, and other sources document the existence of martial arts in China for thousands of years. For example, the Chinese martial art of wrestling, Shuai Jiao, predates the establishment of Shaolin temple by several centuries.^[1] Since Chinese monasteries were large landed estates, sources of considerable regular income, monks required protection. Historical discoveries indicate that, even before the establishment of Shaolin temple, monks had arms and also practiced martial arts.^[2] In 1784 the Boxing Classic: Essential Boxing Methods made the earliest extant reference to the Shaolin Monastery as Chinese boxing's place of origin.^[3][4] This is, however, a misconception,^[5][6] but shows the historical importance of Shaolin kung fu.

Southern and Northern dynasties (420–589 AD)[edit]

Shaolin temple established[edit]

In 495 AD, Shaolin temple was built in the Song mountain, Henan province. The first monk who preached Buddhism there was the Indian monk named Buddhabhadra (佛陀跋陀罗; Fótuóbátuóluó), simply called Batuo (跋陀) by the Chinese. There are historical records that Batuo's first Chinese disciples, Huiguang (慧光) and Sengchou (僧稠), both had exceptional martial skills. For example, Sengchou's skill with the tin staff is even documented in the Chinese Buddhist canon. After Buddhabadra, the monk Bodhidharma (菩提达摩; Pútídámó), described as either Central Asian or Indian ^[7] and simply called Damo (达摩) by the Chinese, came to Shaolin in 527 AD. His Chinese disciple, Huike (慧可), was also a highly trained martial arts expert. There are implications that these first three Chinese Shaolin monks, Huiguang, Sengchou, and Huike, may have been military men before entering the monastic life.^[8]

Bodhidharma's influence[edit]

Youtube Film Kung Fu China

Some popular stories^[9][10] consider Bodhidharma, the first patriarch of Chinese Buddhism, as the founder of Shaolin kung fu.

The idea of Bodhidharma influencing Shaolin boxing is based on a qigong manual written during the 17th century. This is when a Taoist with the pen name 'Purple Coagulation Man of the Way' wrote the Sinews Changing Classic in 1624, but claimed to have discovered it. The first of two prefaces of the manual traces this qigong style's succession from Bodhidharma to the Chinese general Li Jing via 'a chain of Buddhist saints and martial heroes.'^[11](p165) The work itself is full of anachronistic mistakes and even includes a popular character from Chinese fiction, the 'Qiuran Ke' ('Bushy Bearded Hero)' (虬髯客), as a lineage master.^[12] Literati as far back as the Qing Dynasty have taken note of these mistakes. The scholar Ling Tinkang (1757–1809) described the author as an 'ignorant village master'.'^[11](p168)

Sui and Tang dynasties (581–907 AD): Shaolin soldier monks[edit]

During the short period of the Sui dynasty (581–618), the building blocks of Shaolin kung fu took an official form, and Shaolin monks began to create fighting systems of their own. The 18 methods of Luohan with a strong Buddhist taste were practiced by Shaolin monks since this time, which was later used to create more advanced Shaolin martial arts. Shaolin monks had developed very powerful martial skills, and this showed itself until the end of the Sui dynasty.

Like most dynastic changes, the end of the Sui Dynasty was a time of upheaval and contention for the throne. The oldest evidence of Shaolin participation in combat is a stele from 728 that attests to two occasions: a defense of the monastery from bandits around 610 and their role in the defeat of Wang Shichong at the Battle of Hulao in 621. Wang Shichong declared himself Emperor. He controlled the territory of Zheng and the ancient capital of Luoyang. Overlooking Luoyang on Mount Huanyuan was the Cypress Valley Estate, which had served as the site of a fort during the Jin and a commandery during the Southern Qi.^[13] Sui Emperor Wen had bestowed the estate on a nearby monastery called Shaolin for its monks to farm but Wang Shichong, realizing its strategic value, seized the estate and there placed troops and a signal tower, as well as establishing a prefecture called Yuanzhou.^[13] Furthermore, he had assembled an army at Luoyang to march on the Shaolin Temple itself.

The monks of Shaolin allied with Wang's enemy, Li Shimin, and took back the Cypress Valley Estate, defeating Wang's troops and capturing his nephew Renze. Without the fort at Cypress Valley, there was nothing to keep Li Shimin from marching on Luoyang after his defeat of Wang's ally Dou Jiande at the Battle of Hulao, forcing Wang Shichong to surrender. Li Shimin's father was the first Tang Emperor and Shimin himself became its second. Thereafter Shaolin enjoyed the royal patronage of the Tang.

Film Kungfu Terbaik

Though the Shaolin Monastery Stele of 728 attests to these incidents in 610 and 621 when the monks engaged in combat, it does not allude to martial training in the monastery, or to any fighting technique in which its monks specialized. Nor do any other sources from the Tang, Song and Yuan periods allude to military training at the temple. According to Meir Shahar, this is explained by a confluence of the late Ming fashion for military encyclopedias and, more importantly, the conscription of civilian irregulars, including monks, as a result of Ming military decline in the 16th century.^[14]Stele and documentary evidence shows the monks historically worshiped the BodhisattvaVajrapani's 'Kimnara King' form as the progenitor of their staff and bare hand fighting styles.^[11]

Ming dynasty (1368–1644)[edit]

From the 8th to the 15th centuries, no extant source documents Shaolin participation in combat; then the 16th and 17th centuries see at least forty extant sources attest that, not only did monks of Shaolin practice martial arts, but martial practice had become such an integral element of Shaolin monastic life that the monks felt the need to justify it by creating new Buddhist lore.^[14] References to Shaolin martial arts appear in various literary genres of the late Ming:the epitaphs of Shaolin warrior monks, martial-arts manuals, military encyclopedias, historical writings, travelogues, fiction, and even poetry.^[14]

These sources, in contrast to those from the Tang Dynasty period, refer to Shaolin methods of combat unarmed, with the spear, and with the weapon that was the forte of the Shaolin monks and for which they had become famous, the staff.^[3][14] By the mid-16th century military experts from all over Ming China were travelling to Shaolin to study its fighting techniques.

Around 1560 Yú Dàyóu travelled to Shaolin Monastery to see for himself its monks' fighting techniques, but found them disappointing. Yú returned to the south with two monks, Zongqing and Pucong, whom he taught the use of the staff over the next three years, after which Zongqing and Pucong returned to Shaolin Monastery and taught their brother monks what they had learned. Martial arts historian Tang Hao traced the Shaolin staff style Five Tigers Interception to Yú's teachings.^{[citation needed]}

The earliest extant manual on Shaolin kung fu, the Exposition of the Original Shaolin Staff Method^[15] was written in around 1610 and published in 1621 from what its author Chéng Zōngyóu learned during a more than ten-year stay at the monastery.

Conditions of lawlessness in Henan—where the Shaolin Monastery is located—and surrounding provinces during the late Ming Dynasty and all of the Qing Dynasty contributed to the development of martial arts.Meir Shahar lists the martial arts T'ai chi ch'uan, Chang Family Boxing, Bāguàquán, Xíngyìquán and Bajiquan as originating from this region and this time period.^[14]

Pirates[edit]

From the 1540s to the 1560s, pirates known as wokou raided China's eastern and southeastern coasts on an unprecedented scale.

The geographer Zheng Ruoceng provides the most detailed of the 16th-century sources which confirm that, in 1553, Wan Biao, Vice Commissioner in Chief of the Nanjing Chief Military Commission, initiated the conscription of monks—including some from Shaolin—against the pirates.^[14] Warrior monks participated in at least four battles: at the Gulf of Hangzhou in spring 1553 and in the Huangpu River delta at Wengjiagang in July 1553, Majiabang in spring 1554, and Taozhai in autumn 1555.^[14]

The monks suffered their greatest defeat at Taozhai, where four of them fell in battle; their remains were buried under the Stūpa of the Four Heroic Monks (Si yi seng ta) at Mount She near Shanghai.^[14]

The monks won their greatest victory at Wengjiagang.^[14] On 21 July 1553, 120 warrior monks led by the Shaolin monk Tianyuan defeated a group of pirates and chased the survivors over ten days and twenty miles.^[14] The pirates suffered over one hundred casualties and the monks only four.^[14]Kabhi kabhi movie online.

Not all of the monks who fought at Wengjiagang were from Shaolin, and rivalries developed among them. Zheng chronicles Tianyuan’s defeat of eight rival monks from Hangzhou who challenged his command. Zheng ranked Shaolin first of the top three Buddhist centers of martial arts.^[14] Zheng ranked Funiu in Henan second and Mount Wutai in Shanxi third. The Funiu monks practiced staff techniques which they had learned at the Shaolin Monastery. The Wutai monks practiced Yang Family Spear (楊家槍; pinyin: Yángjiā qiāng).

Contents[edit]

Shaolin temple has two main legacies: Chan (禅), which refers to Chan Buddhism, the religion of Shaolin, and Quan (拳), which refers to the martial arts of Shaolin. In Shaolin, these are not separate disciplines and monks have always pursued the philosophy of the unification of Chan and Quan (禅拳合一; chan quan he yi). In a deeper point of view, Quan is considered part of Chan. As late Shaolin monk Suxi said in the last moments of his life, 'Shaolin is Chan, not Quan.'

On the Quan (martial) side, the contents are abundant. A usual classification of contents are:

1. Basic skills (基本功; jīběn gōng): These include stamina, flexibility, and balance, which improve the body abilities in doing martial maneuvers. In Shaolin kung fu, flexibility and balance skills are known as 'childish skill' (童子功; tóngzǐ gōng), which have been classified into 18 postures.
2. Power skills (气功; qìgōng): These include:
   • Qigong meditation: Qigong meditation itself has two types, internal (内; nèi), which is stationary meditation, and external (外; wài), which is dynamic meditation methods like Shaolin four-part exercise (si duan gong), eight-section brocade (八段锦; bā duàn jǐn), Shaolin muscle-changing scripture (易筋经; yì jīn jīng), and others.
   • The 72 arts: These Include 36 soft and 36 hard exercises, which are known as soft and hard qigong.
3. Combat skills (拳法; quánfǎ, 'skills'): These include various barehanded, weapon, and barehanded vs. weapon routines (styles) and their combat (散打; sàndǎ) methods.

Styles[edit]

Like the usual system of Chinese martial arts, Shaolin combat methods are taught via forms (套路; tàolù). Forms that are technically closely related are coupled together and are considered of the same style (sub-style is a better choice for the word). These are usually called the small and the big forms, like the small and big hong quan, which altogether make the Shaolin hong quan style, and the small and big pao quan, etc. There are also some styles with one form, like taizu chang quan. Indeed, these styles are not complete or stand-alone, this is just a classification of different forms of Shaolin kung fu based on their technical contents.

Shaolin kung fu has more than hundreds of extant styles. There is recorded documentation of more than a thousand extant forms, which makes Shaolin the biggest school of martial art in the world. In the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Shaolin monks chose 100 of the best styles of Shaolin kung fu. Then they shortlisted the 18 most famous of them. However, every lineage of Shaolin monks have always chosen their own styles. Every style teaches unique methods for fighting (散打; sàndǎ) and keeping health via one or a few forms. To learn a complete system, Shaolin monks master a number of styles and weapons. The most famous styles of Shaolin kung fu are:

List of known styles[edit]

• Arhat's 18 hands (罗汉十八手; luóhàn shíbā shǒu): known as the oldest style.
• Flood style (洪拳; hóngquán): with the small form (小洪拳; xiǎo hóngquán) known as the son of the styles, and the big form (大洪拳; dà hóngquán) known as the mother of the styles,
• Explosive style (炮拳; pàoquán): known as the king of the styles,
• Penetrating-Arms style (通臂拳; tōngbìquán),
• 7-star & Long Guard the Heart and Mind Gate style (七星 & 长护心意门拳; qī xīng & cháng hù xīn yì mén quán),
• Plum Blossom style (梅花拳; méihuāquán),
• Facing&Bright Sun style (朝&昭 阳拳; cháo & zhāo yáng quán),
• Arhat style (罗汉拳; luóhànquán): known as the most representative style,
• Vajrapani style (金刚拳; jīn'gāngquán),
• Emperor's Long-range style (太祖长拳; tàizǔ chángquán): known as the most graceful style,
• 6-Match style (六合拳; liùhéquán),
• Soft style (柔拳; róuquán),
• Mind style (心意拳; xīnyìquán)
• Imitative styles (象形拳; xiàngxíngquán) (including Dragon, Tiger, Leopard, Eagle, Monkey, Mantis, etc.),
• Drunken style (醉拳; zuìquán),

and many other styles.

Internal and external kung fu[edit]

Huang Zongxi described martial arts in terms of Shaolin or 'external' arts versus Wudang or internal arts in 1669.^[16] It has been since then that Shaolin has been popularly synonymous for what are considered the external Chinese martial arts, regardless of whether or not the particular style in question has any connection to the Shaolin Monastery. Some say that there is no differentiation between the so-called internal and external systems of the Chinese martial arts,^[5][17] while other well-known teachers hold the opinion that they are different. For example, the Taijiquan teacher Wu Jianquan:

Those who practice Shaolinquan leap about with strength and force; people not proficient at this kind of training soon lose their breath and are exhausted. Taijiquan is unlike this. Strive for quiescence of body, mind and intention.^[18]

Influence on other martial arts[edit]

Some lineages of karate have oral traditions that claim Shaolin origins.^[19]Martial arts traditions in Japan,Korea, Sri Lanka and certain Southeast Asian countries cite Chinese influence as transmitted by Buddhist monks.^[20][21]

Recent developments in the 20th century such as Shorinji Kempo (少林寺拳法) practised in Japan's Sohonzan Shorinji (金剛禅総本山少林寺) still maintains close ties with China's Song Shan Shaolin Temple due to historic links.^[22] Japanese Shorinji Kempo Group financial contributions to the maintenance of the historic edifice of the Song Shan Shaolin Temple in 2003 received China's recognition.^[23]

References[edit]

1. ^Canzonieri, Salvatore. 'The Emergence of the Chinese Martial arts'. Han Wei Wushu (23).
2. ^Henning, Stanley (1999b). 'Martial arts Myths of Shaolin Monastery, Part I: The Giant with the Flaming Staff'. Journal of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii. 5 (1).
3. ^ ^abHenning, Stanley E. (Fall 1999). 'Academia Encounters the Chinese Martial arts'. China Review International. 6 (2): 319–332. doi:10.1353/cri.1999.0020. ISSN1069-5834.
4. ^Zhāng Kǒngzhāo 張孔昭 (c. 1784). Boxing Classic: Essential Boxing Methods 拳經拳法備要 Quánjīng Quánfǎ Bèiyào (in Chinese).
5. ^ ^abKit, Wong Kiew (2002). Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense Health and Enlightenment.
6. ^Order of the Shaolin Ch'an (2004, 2006). The Shaolin Grandmaster's Text: History, Philosophy, and Gung Fu of Shaolin Ch'an. Oregon.
7. ^Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN0-520-21972-4. pp. 8, 54-55.
8. ^Canzonieri, Salvatore (February – March 1998). 'History of Chinese Martial arts: Jin Dynasty to the Period of Disunity'. Han Wei Wushu. 3 (9).
9. ^Wong, Kiew Kit (2002). The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense Health and Enlightenment. Tuttle martial arts Boston, Mass. p. 13.
10. ^Wong, The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu, p. 19
11. ^ ^abcShahar, Meir (2008). The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN0824831101.
12. ^Liu, James J.Y. (1967). The Chinese Knight Errant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 87–88. ISBN0-2264-8688-5.
13. ^ ^abShahar, Meir (2000). 'Epigraphy, Buddhist Historiography, and Fighting Monks: The Case of The Shaolin Monastery'. Asia Major Third Series. 13 (2): 15–36.
14. ^ ^abcdefghijklShahar, Meir (December 2001). 'Ming-Period Evidence of Shaolin Martial Practice'. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 61, No. 2. 61 (2): 359–413. doi:10.2307/3558572. ISSN0073-0548. JSTOR3558572.
15. ^Chéng Zōngyóu 程宗猷 (c. 1621). Exposition of the Original Shaolin Staff Method 少林棍法闡宗 Shàolín Gùnfǎ Chǎnzōng (in Chinese).
16. ^Henning, Stanley (Autumn–Winter 1994). 'Ignorance, Legend and Taijiquan'(PDF). Journal of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii. 2 (3): 1–7. Archived(PDF) from the original on 23 February 2011.
17. ^Francis, B.K. (1998). Power of Internal Martial Arts: Combat Secrets of Ba Gua, Tai Chi, and Hsing-I. North Atlantic Books.
18. ^Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). 'T'AI CHI The International Magazine of T'ai Chi Ch'uan Vol. 21 No. 3'. Wayfarer Publications. ISSN0730-1049.
19. ^Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques. A&C Black, London. ISBN0-7136-5666-2.
20. ^'Shaolin kungfu'. www.shine.cn. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
21. ^'Wayback Machine'. archive.org. 10 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
22. ^'Shorinji Kempo 50th Anniversary Commemoration'. Archived from the original on 8 July 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2006.
23. ^'China's State-level Friendship Award Given to Shorinji Kempo Group Chairperson'. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2006.